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9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
PHYSICS
HIGHER 2
(Syllabus 9745)
INTRODUCTION
The syllabus has been designed to build on and extend the content coverage at ‘O’ level. Candidates
will be assumed to have knowledge and understanding of Physics at ‘O’ level, either as a single
subject or as part of a balanced science course.
AIMS
These are not listed in order of priority.
The aims of a course based on this syllabus should be to:
1.
provide, through well-designed studies of experimental and practical Physics, a worthwhile
educational experience for all students, whether or not they go on to study Physics beyond
this level and, in particular, to enable them to acquire sufficient understanding and knowledge
to:
1.1
become confident citizens in a technological world and able to take or develop an
informed interest in matters of scientific import;
1.2
recognise the usefulness, and limitations, of scientific method and to appreciate its
applicability in other disciplines and in everyday life;
1.3
be suitably prepared for studies beyond ‘A’ level.
2.
develop abilities and skills that
2.1
are relevant to the study and practice of science;
2.2
are useful in everyday life;
2.3
encourage efficient and safe practice;
2.4
encourage effective communication.
3.
develop attitudes relevant to science such as:
3.1
concern for accuracy and precision;
3.2
objectivity;
3.3
integrity;
3.4
the skills of enquiry;
3.5
initiative;
3.6
inventiveness.
1
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
4.
promote an awareness
4.1
that the study and practice of Physics are co-operative and cumulative activities, and
are subject to social, economic, technological, ethical and cultural influences and
limitations;
4.2
that the implications of Physics may be both beneficial and detrimental to the
individual, the community and the environment;
4.3
of the importance of the use of IT for communications, as an aid to experiments and
as a tool for the interpretation of experimental and theoretical results;
4.4
that Physics transcends national boundaries and that the language of science,
correctly and rigorously applied, is universal.
5.
stimulate students and create a sustained interest in Physics so that the study of the subject
is enjoyable and satisfying.
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
The assessment objectives listed below reflect those parts of the aims that will be assessed in the
examination.
A
Knowledge with understanding
Candidates should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding in relation to:
1.
scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts, theories;
2.
scientific vocabulary, terminology, conventions (including symbols, quantities and units);
3.
scientific instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operation and aspects of safety;
4.
scientific quantities and their determination;
5.
scientific and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental
implications.
The syllabus content defines the factual knowledge that candidates may be required to recall and
explain. Questions testing these objectives will often begin with one of the following words: define,
state, describe or explain. (See the glossary of terms).
B
Handling, applying and evaluating information
Candidates should be able - in words or by using written, symbolic, graphical and numerical forms of
presentation - to:
1.
locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources;
2.
translate information from one form to another;
3.
manipulate numerical and other data;
4.
use information to identify patterns, report trends, draw inferences and report conclusions;
5.
present reasoned explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships;
2
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
6.
make predictions and put forward hypotheses;
7.
apply knowledge, including principles, to novel situations;
8.
evaluate information and hypotheses;
9.
demonstrate an awareness of the limitations of physical theories and models.
These assessment objectives cannot be precisely specified in the syllabus content because
questions testing such skills may be based on information that is unfamiliar to the candidate. In
answering such questions, candidates are required to use principles and concepts that are within the
syllabus and apply them in a logical, reasoned or deductive manner to a novel situation. Questions
testing these objectives will often begin with one of the following words: predict, suggest, deduce,
calculate or determine. (See the glossary of terms).
C
Experimental skills and investigations
Candidates should be able to:
1.
follow a detailed set or sequence of instructions and use techniques, apparatus and materials
safely and effectively;
2.
make observations and measurements with due regard for precision and accuracy;
3.
interpret and evaluate observations and experimental data;
4.
identify a problem, design and plan investigations, evaluate methods and techniques, and
suggest possible improvement;
5.
record observations, measurements, methods and techniques with due regard for precision,
accuracy and units.
3
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT
All school candidates are required to enter for Papers 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Paper
Type of Paper
Duration
Marks
Weighting (%)
1
Multiple Choice
1 h 15 min
40
20
2
Structured Questions
1 h 15 min
60
25
3
Longer Structured Questions
2h
80
35
4
School-based Science
-
64
20
Practical Assessment (SPA)
Paper 1
40 multiple-choice questions. All questions will be of the direct choice type with 4 options.
Paper 2
This paper will consist of a variable number of structured questions plus one or two data-based
questions, all compulsory. The data-based question(s) will constitute 15-20 marks. All answers will
be written in spaces provided on the Question Paper.
Paper 3
This paper will consist of:
section A worth 40 marks consisting of a variable number of structured questions, all compulsory.
These include questions which require candidates to integrate knowledge and understanding
from different areas of the syllabus;
section B worth 40 marks consisting of a choice of two from three 20-mark questions.
All answers will be written in spaces provided on the Question Paper.
Paper 4
The School-based Science Practical Assessment (SPA) will take place over an appropriate period
that the candidates are offering the subject. The assessment of science practical skills is grouped
into four skill areas:
Skill A – Planning
Skill B – Implementing
Skill C – Analysing
Skill D – Evaluating
Each assessment carries a maximum of 8 marks. Each candidate is to be assessed only once for
Skill A and only twice for each Skill B, C and D.
To maintain an equal weighting for each skill, a maximum sum total of 64 will be computed as follows:
No. of
Sub-total = No. of assessments
Skill
Weight
assessments
x Marks x Weight
A
1
2
1 x 8 x 2 = 16 marks
B
2
1
2 x 8 x 1 = 16 marks
C
2
1
2 x 8 x 1 = 16 marks
D
2
1
2 x 8 x 1 = 16 marks
Total for SPA
64 marks
Please refer to the SPA Information Booklet for more detailed information on the conduct of SPA.
4
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
Marks allocated to assessment objectives
Theory Papers (Papers 1, 2 and 3)
Knowledge with understanding
(Assessment Objectives A1-A5)
40%
Handling, applying and evaluating
60%
(Assessment Objectives B1-B9)
information
School-based Science Practical Assessment (Paper 4)
The school-based Science Practical Assessment (SPA) will be conducted to assess appropriate
aspects of objectives C1 to C5.
5
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Mathematical Requirements
The mathematical requirements are given on pages 23 and 24.
Data and Formulae
Data and Formulae, as printed on page 29, will appear as pages 2 and 3 in Papers 1, 2 and 3.
Symbols, Signs and Abbreviations
Wherever symbols, signs and abbreviations are used in examination papers, the recommendation
made in the ASE publication SI Units, Signs, Symbols and Abbreviations (1981) will be followed,
except where these have been superseded by Signs, Symbols and Systematics (The ASE
Companion to 5-16 Science, 1995). The units kWh, atmosphere, eV and unified atomic mass unit (u)
may be used in examination papers without further explanation.
Disallowed Subject Combinations
Candidates may not simultaneously offer Physics at H1 and H2 levels.
6
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
SECTION I
MEASUREMENT
1.
Measurement
Content
•
SI Units
•
Errors and uncertainties
•
Scalars and vectors
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
recall the following base quantities and their units: mass (kg), length (m), time (s), current (A),
temperature (K), amount of substance (mol).
(b)
express derived units as products or quotients of the base units and use the named units
listed in ‘Summary of Key Quantities, Symbols and Units’ as appropriate.
(c)
show an understanding of and use the conventions for labelling graph axes and table
columns as set out in the ASE publication SI Units, Signs, Symbols and Abbreviations, except
where these have been superseded by Signs, Symbols and Systematics (The ASE
Companion to 5-16 Science, 1995).
(d)
use the following prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal sub-multiples or multiples of
both base and derived units: pico (p), nano (n), micro (µ), milli (m), centi (c), deci (d), kilo (k),
mega (M), giga (G), tera (T).
(e)
make reasonable estimates of physical quantities included within the syllabus.
(f)
show an understanding of the distinction between systematic errors (including zero errors)
and random errors.
(g)
show an understanding of the distinction between precision and accuracy.
(h)
assess the uncertainty in a derived quantity by simple addition of actual, fractional or
percentage uncertainties (a rigorous statistical treatment is not required).
(i)
distinguish between scalar and vector quantities, and give examples of each.
(j)
add and subtract coplanar vectors.
(k)
represent a vector as two perpendicular components.
7
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
SECTION II
NEWTONIAN MECHANICS
2.
Kinematics
Content
•
Rectilinear motion
•
Non-linear motion
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
define displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration.
(b)
use graphical methods to represent distance travelled, displacement, speed, velocity and
acceleration.
(c)
find displacement from the area under a velocity-time graph.
(d)
use the slope of a displacement-time graph to find the velocity.
(e)
use the slope of a velocity-time graph to find the acceleration.
(f)
derive, from the definitions of velocity and acceleration, equations which represent uniformly
accelerated motion in a straight line.
(g)
solve problems using equations which represent uniformly accelerated motion in a straight
line, including the motion of bodies falling in a uniform gravitational field without air resistance.
(h)
describe qualitatively the motion of bodies falling in a uniform gravitational field with air
resistance.
(i)
describe and explain motion due to a uniform velocity in one direction and a uniform
acceleration in a perpendicular direction.
3.
Dynamics
Content
•
Newton's laws of motion
•
Linear momentum and its conservation
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
state each of Newton's laws of motion.
(b)
show an understanding that mass is the property of a body which resists change in motion.
(c)
describe and use the concept of weight as the effect of a gravitational field on a mass.
(d)
define linear momentum and impulse.
(e)
define force as rate of change of momentum.
(f)
recall and solve problems using the relationship F = ma, appreciating that force and
acceleration are always in the same direction.
8
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
(g)
state the principle of conservation of momentum.
(h)
apply the principle of conservation of momentum to solve simple problems including elastic
and inelastic interactions between two bodies in one dimension. (Knowledge of the concept
of coefficient of restitution is not required.)
(i)
recognise that, for a perfectly elastic collision between two bodies, the relative speed of
approach is equal to the relative speed of separation.
(j)
show an understanding that, whilst the momentum of a system is always conserved in
interactions between bodies, some change in kinetic energy usually takes place.
4.
Forces
Content
•
Types of force
•
Equilibrium of forces
•
Centre of gravity
•
Turning effects of forces
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
recall and apply Hooke’s law to new situations or to solve related problems.
(b)
deduce the elastic potential energy in a deformed material from the area under the force-
extension graph.
(c)
describe the forces on mass, charge and current in gravitational, electric and magnetic fields,
as appropriate.
solve problems using the equation p = ρgh.
(d)
(e)
show an understanding of the origin of the upthrust acting on a body in a fluid.
(f)
state that an upthrust is provided by the fluid displaced by a submerged or floating object.
(g)
calculate the upthrust in terms of the weight of the displaced fluid.
(h)
recall and apply the principle that, for an object floating in equilibrium, the upthrust is equal to
the weight of the object to new situations or to solve related problems.
(i)
show a qualitative understanding of frictional forces and viscous forces including air
resistance. (No treatment of the coefficients of friction and viscosity is required.)
(j)
use a vector triangle to represent forces in equilibrium.
(k)
show an understanding that the weight of a body may be taken as acting at a single point
known as its centre of gravity.
(l)
show an understanding that a couple is a pair of forces which tends to produce rotation only.
(m)
define and apply the moment of a force and the torque of a couple.
(n)
show an understanding that, when there is no resultant force and no resultant torque, a
system is in equilibrium.
9
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
(o)
apply the principle of moments to new situations or to solve related problems.
5.
Work, Energy and Power
Content
•
Work
•
Energy conversion and conservation
•
Potential energy and kinetic energy
•
Power
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
show an understanding of the concept of work in terms of the product of a force and
displacement in the direction of the force.
(b)
calculate the work done in a number of situations including the work done by a gas which is
expanding against a constant external pressure: W = p∆V.
(c)
give examples of energy in different forms, its conversion and conservation, and apply the
principle of energy conservation to simple examples.
derive, from the equations of motion, the formula Ek = ½mv2.
(d)
recall and apply the formula Ek = ½mv2.
(e)
(f)
distinguish between gravitational potential energy, electric potential energy and elastic
potential energy.
(g)
show an understanding of and use the relationship between force and potential energy in a
uniform field to solve problems.
(h)
derive, from the defining equation W = Fs, the formula Ep = mgh for potential energy changes
near the Earth’s surface.
(i)
recall and use the formula Ep = mgh for potential energy changes near the Earth's surface.
(j)
show an appreciation for the implications of energy losses in practical devices and use the
concept of efficiency to solve problems.
(k)
define power as work done per unit time and derive power as the product of force and
velocity.
6.
Motion in a Circle
Content
•
Kinematics of uniform circular motion
•
Centripetal acceleration
•
Centripetal force
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
express angular displacement in radians.
10
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
(b)
understand and use the concept of angular velocity to solve problems.
recall and use v = rω to solve problems.
(c)
(d)
describe qualitatively motion in a curved path due to a perpendicular force, and understand
the centripetal acceleration in the case of uniform motion in a circle.
recall and use centripetal acceleration a = rω2, a = v2/r to solve problems.
(e)
recall and use centripetal force F = mrω2, F = mv2/r to solve problems.
(f)
7.
Gravitational Field
Content
•
Gravitational field
•
Force between point masses
•
Field of a point mass
•
Field near to the surface of the Earth
•
Gravitational potential
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
show an understanding of the concept of a gravitational field as an example of field of force
and define gravitational field strength as force per unit mass.
Gm1m 2
(b)
recall and use Newton's law of gravitation in the form F =
.
r2
(c)
derive, from Newton's law of gravitation and the definition of gravitational field strength, the
GM
equation g = 2 for the gravitational field strength of a point mass.
r
GM
recall and apply the equation g =
(d)
for the gravitational field strength of a point mass to
r2
new situations or to solve related problems
(e)
show an appreciation that on the surface of the Earth g is approximately constant and equal
to the acceleration of free fall.
(f)
define potential at a point as the work done in bringing unit mass from infinity to the point.
GM
solve problems using the equation φ = −
(g)
for the potential in the field of a point mass.
r
(h)
recognise the analogy between certain qualitative and quantitative aspects of gravitational
and electric fields.
(i)
analyse circular orbits in inverse square law fields by relating the gravitational force to the
centripetal acceleration it causes.
(j)
show an understanding of geostationary orbits and their application.
11
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
8.
Oscillations
Content
•
Simple harmonic motion
•
Energy in simple harmonic motion
•
Damped and forced oscillations: resonance
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
describe simple examples of free oscillations.
(b)
investigate the motion of an oscillator using experimental and graphical methods.
(c)
understand and use the terms amplitude, period, frequency, angular frequency and phase
difference and express the period in terms of both frequency and angular frequency.
recognise and use the equation a = -ω2x as the defining equation of simple harmonic motion.
(d)
recall and use x = xosinω t as a solution to the equation a = -ω2x.
(e)
(f)
recognise and use
v = vocosω t
(x
)
2
− x2 .
v = ±ω
o
(g)
describe, with graphical illustrations, the changes in displacement, velocity and acceleration
during simple harmonic motion.
(h)
describe the interchange between kinetic and potential energy during simple harmonic
motion.
(i)
describe practical examples of damped oscillations with particular reference to the effects of
the degree of damping and the importance of critical damping in cases such as a car
suspension system.
(j)
describe practical examples of forced oscillations and resonance.
(k)
describe graphically how the amplitude of a forced oscillation changes with frequency near to
the natural frequency of the system, and understand qualitatively the factors which determine
the frequency response and sharpness of the resonance.
(l)
show an appreciation that there are some circumstances in which resonance is useful and
other circumstances in which resonance should be avoided.
12
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
SECTION III
THERMAL PHYSICS
9.
Thermal Physics
Content
•
Internal energy
•
Temperature scales
•
Specific heat capacity
•
Specific latent heat
•
First law of thermodynamics
•
The ideal gas equation
•
Kinetic energy of a molecule
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
show an understanding that internal energy is determined by the state of the system and that
it can be expressed as the sum of a random distribution of kinetic and potential energies
associated with the molecules of a system.
(b)
relate a rise in temperature of a body to an increase in its internal energy.
(c)
show an understanding that regions of equal temperature are in thermal equilibrium.
(d)
show an understanding that there is an absolute scale of temperature which does not depend
on the property of any particular substance, i.e. the thermodynamic scale.
(e)
apply the concept that, on the thermodynamic (Kelvin) scale, absolute zero is the temperature
at which all substances have a minimum internal energy.
convert temperatures measured in Kelvin to degrees Celsius: T / K = T / °C + 273.15.
(f)
(g)
define and use the concept of specific heat capacity, and identify the main principles of its
determination by electrical methods.
(h)
define and use the concept of specific latent heat, and identify the main principles of its
determination by electrical methods.
(i)
explain using a simple kinetic model for matter why
i.
melting and boiling take place without a change in temperature,
ii.
the specific latent heat of vaporisation is higher than specific latent heat of fusion for
the same substance,
iii.
cooling effect accompanies evaporation.
(j)
recall and use the first law of thermodynamics expressed in terms of the change in internal
energy, the heating of the system and the work done on the system.
(k)
recall and use the ideal gas equation pV = nRT, where n is the amount of gas in moles.
(l)
show an understanding of the significance of the Avogadro constant as the number of atoms
in 0.012 kg of carbon-12.
(m)
use molar quantities where one mole of any substance is the amount containing a number of
particles equal to the Avogadro constant.
(n)
recall and apply the relationship that the mean kinetic energy of a molecule of an ideal gas is
proportional to the thermodynamic temperature to new situations or to solve related problems.
13
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
SECTION lV
WAVES
10.
Wave Motion
Content
•
Progressive waves
•
Transverse and longitudinal waves
•
Polarisation
•
Determination of frequency and wavelength
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
show an understanding and use the terms displacement, amplitude, phase difference, period,
frequency, wavelength and speed.
deduce, from the definitions of speed, frequency and wavelength, the equation v = fλ.
(b)
recall and use the equation v = fλ.
(c)
(d)
show an understanding that energy is transferred due to a progressive wave.
recall and use the relationship, intensity ∝ (amplitude)2.
(e)
(f)
analyse and interpret graphical representations of transverse and longitudinal waves.
(g)
show an understanding that polarisation is a phenomenon associated with transverse waves.
(h)
determine the frequency of sound using a calibrated c.r.o.
(i)
determine the wavelength of sound using stationary waves.
11.
Superposition
Content
•
Stationary waves
•
Diffraction
•
Interference
•
Two-source interference patterns
•
Diffraction grating
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
explain and use the principle of superposition in simple applications.
(b)
show an understanding of experiments which demonstrate stationary waves using
microwaves, stretched strings and air columns.
(c)
explain the formation of a stationary wave using a graphical method, and identify nodes and
antinodes.
(d)
explain the meaning of the term diffraction.
14
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
(e)
show an understanding of experiments which demonstrate diffraction including the diffraction
of water waves in a ripple tank with both a wide gap and a narrow gap.
(f)
show an understanding of the terms interference and coherence.
(g)
show an understanding of experiments which demonstrate two-source interference using
water, light and microwaves.
(h)
show an understanding of the conditions required if two-source interference fringes are to be
observed.
recall and solve problems using the equation λ = ax/D for double-slit interference using light.
(i)
recall and solve problems by using the formula dsinθ = nλ and describe the use of a
(j)
diffraction grating to determine the wavelength of light. (The structure and use of the
spectrometer is not required.)
15
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
SECTION V
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
12.
Electric Fields
Content
•
Concept of an electric field
•
Force between point charges
•
Electric field of a point charge
•
Uniform electric fields
•
Electric potential
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
show an understanding of the concept of an electric field as an example of a field of force and
define electric field strength as force per unit positive charge.
(b)
represent an electric field by means of field lines.
recall and use Coulomb's law in the form F = Q1Q2/4πεor2 for the force between two point
(c)
charges in free space or air.
recall and use E = Q/4πεor2 for the field strength of a point charge in free space or air.
(d)
(e)
calculate the field strength of the uniform field between charged parallel plates in terms of
potential difference and separation.
(f)
calculate the forces on charges in uniform electric fields.
(g)
describe the effect of a uniform electric field on the motion of charged particles.
(h)
define potential at a point in terms of the work done in bringing unit positive charge from
infinity to the point.
(i)
state that the field strength of the field at a point is numerically equal to the potential gradient
at that point.
use the equation V = Q/4πεor for the potential in the field of a point charge.
(j)
(k)
recognise the analogy between certain qualitative and quantitative aspects of electric field
and gravitational fields.
13.
Current of Electricity
Content
•
Electric current
•
Potential difference
•
Resistance and resistivity
•
Sources of electromotive force
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
show an understanding that electric current is the rate of flow of charged particles.
(b)
define charge and the coulomb.
16
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
(c)
recall and solve problems using the equation Q = It.
(d)
define potential difference and the volt.
(e)
recall and solve problems using V = W/Q.
recall and solve problems using P = VI, P = I2R.
(f)
(g)
define resistance and the ohm.
(h)
recall and solve problems using V = IR.
(i)
sketch and explain the I-V characteristics of a metallic conductor at constant temperature, a
semiconductor diode and a filament lamp.
(j)
sketch the temperature characteristic of a thermistor.
recall and solve problems using R =ρl/A.
(k)
(l)
define e.m.f. in terms of the energy transferred by a source in driving unit charge round a
complete circuit.
(m)
distinguish between e.m.f. and p.d. in terms of energy considerations.
(n)
show an understanding of the effects of the internal resistance of a source of e.m.f. on the
terminal potential difference and output power.
14.
D.C. Circuits
Content
•
Practical circuits
•
Series and parallel arrangements
•
Potential divider
•
Balanced potentials
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
recall and use appropriate circuit symbols as set out in SI Units, Signs, Symbols and
Abbreviations (ASE, 1981) and Signs, Symbols and Systematics (ASE, 1995).
(b)
draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing sources, switches, resistors, ammeters,
voltmeters, and/or any other type of component referred to in the syllabus.
(c)
solve problems using the formula for the combined resistance of two or more resistors in
series.
(d)
solve problems using the formula for the combined resistance of two or more resistors in
parallel.
(e)
solve problems involving series and parallel circuits for one source of e.m.f.
(f)
show an understanding of the use of a potential divider circuit as a source of variable p.d.
17
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
(g)
explain the use of thermistors and light-dependent resistors in potential dividers to provide a
potential difference which is dependent on temperature and illumination respectively.
(h)
recall and solve problems by using the principle of the potentiometer as a means of
comparing potential differences.
15.
Electromagnetism
Content
•
Force on a current-carrying conductor
•
Force on a moving charge
•
Magnetic fields due to currents
•
Force between current-carrying conductors
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
show an appreciation that a force might act on a current-carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field.
recall and solve problems using the equation F = BIlsinθ, with directions as interpreted by
(b)
Fleming's left-hand rule.
(c)
define magnetic flux density and the tesla.
(d)
show an understanding of how the force on a current-carrying conductor can be used to
measure the flux density of a magnetic field using a current balance.
(e)
predict the direction of the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field.
recall and solve problems using F = BQvsinθ.
(f)
(g)
describe and analyse deflections of beams of charged particles by uniform electric and
uniform magnetic fields.
(h)
explain how electric and magnetic fields can be used in velocity selection for charged
particles.
(i)
sketch flux patterns due to a long straight wire, a flat circular coil and a long solenoid.
(j)
show an understanding that the field due to a solenoid may be influenced by the presence of
ferrous core.
(k)
explain the forces between current-carrying conductors and predict the direction of the forces.
16.
Electromagnetic Induction
Content
•
Magnetic flux
•
Laws of electromagnetic induction
18
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
define magnetic flux and the weber.
recall and solve problems using Φ = BA.
(b)
(c)
define magnetic flux linkage.
(d)
infer from appropriate experiments on electromagnetic induction:
i.
that a changing magnetic flux can induce an e.m.f. in a circuit,
ii.
that the direction of the induced e.m.f. opposes the change producing it,
iii.
the factors affecting the magnitude of the induced e.m.f.
(e)
recall and solve problems using Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and Lenz's law.
(f)
explain simple applications of electromagnetic induction.
17.
Alternating Currents
Content
•
Characteristics of alternating currents
•
The transformer
•
Rectification with a diode
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
show an understanding and use the terms period, frequency, peak value and root-mean-
square value as applied to an alternating current or voltage.
(b)
deduce that the mean power in a resistive load is half the maximum power for a sinusoidal
alternating current.
(c)
represent an alternating current or an alternating voltage by an equation of the
form
x = xosinωt.
(d)
distinguish between r.m.s. and peak values and recall and solve problems using the
relationship Irms = Io / 2 for the sinusoidal case.
(e)
show an understanding of the principle of operation of a simple iron-cored transformer and
recall and solve problems using Ns /Np = Vs /Vp = Ip /Is for an ideal transformer.
(f)
explain the use of a single diode for the half-wave rectification of an alternating current.
19
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
SECTION VI
MODERN PHYSICS
18.
Quantum Physics
Content
•
Energy of a photon
•
The photoelectric effect
•
Wave-particle duality
•
Energy levels in atoms
•
Line spectra
•
X-ray spectra
•
The uncertainty principle
•
SchrÖdinger model
•
Barrier tunnelling
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
show an appreciation of the particulate nature of electromagnetic radiation.
(b)
recall and use E = hf.
(c)
show an understanding that the photoelectric effect provides evidence for a particulate nature
of electromagnetic radiation while phenomena such as interference and diffraction provide
evidence for a wave nature.
(d)
recall the significance of threshold frequency.
recall and use the equation ½mvmax2 = eVs , where Vs is the stopping potential.
(e)
(f)
explain photoelectric phenomena in terms of photon energy and work function energy.
(g)
explain why the maximum photoelectric energy is independent of intensity whereas the
photoelectric current is proportional to intensity.
recall, use and explain the significance of hf = Φ + ½mvmax2.
(h)
(i)
describe and interpret qualitatively the evidence provided by electron diffraction for the wave
nature of particles.
recall and use the relation for the de Broglie wavelength λ = h/p.
(j)
(k)
show an understanding of the existence of discrete electron energy levels in isolated atoms
(e.g. atomic hydrogen) and deduce how this leads to spectral lines.
(l)
distinguish between emission and absorption line spectra.
(m)
recall and solve problems using the relation hf = E1 - E2.
(n)
explain the origins of the features of a typical X-ray spectrum using quantum theory.
(o)
show an understanding of and apply the Heisenberg position-momentum and time-energy
uncertainty principles in new situations or to solve related problems.
show an understanding that an electron can be described by a wave function Ψ where the
(p)
square of the amplitude of wave function IΨ I2 gives the probability of finding the electron at a
point. (No mathematical treatment is required.)
20
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
(q)
show an understanding of the concept of a potential barrier and explain qualitatively the
phenomenon of quantum tunnelling of an electron across such a barrier.
(r)
describe the application of quantum tunnelling to the probing tip of a scanning tunnelling
microscope (STM) and how this is used to obtain atomic-scale images of surfaces. (Details
of the structure and operation of a scanning tunnelling microscope are not required.)
(s)
apply the relationship transmission coefficient T = exp(-2kd) for the STM in related situations
or to solve problems. (Recall of the equation is not required.)
(t)
recall and use the relationship R + T = 1, where R is the reflection coefficient and T is the
transmission coefficient, in related situations or to solve problems.
19.
Lasers and Semiconductors
Content
•
Basic principles of lasers
•
Energy bands, conductors and insulators
•
Semiconductors
•
Depletion region of a p-n junction
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
recall and use the terms spontaneous emission, stimulated emission and population inversion
in related situations.
(b)
explain the action of a laser in terms of population inversion and stimulated
emission. (Details of the structure and operation of a laser are not required.)
(c)
describe the formation of energy bands in a solid, with reference to conduction electrons and
holes.
(d)
distinguish between conduction band and valence band.
(e)
use band theory to account for the electrical properties of metals, insulators and intrinsic
semiconductors.
(f)
analyse qualitatively how n- and p-type doping change the conduction properties of
semiconductors.
(g)
discuss qualitatively the origin of the depletion region at a p-n junction and use this to explain
how a p-n junction can act as a rectifier.
20.
Nuclear Physics
Content
•
The nucleus
•
Isotopes
•
Mass defect and nuclear binding energy
•
Nuclear processes
•
Radioactive decay
•
Biological effect of radiation
21
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
infer from the results of the α-particle scattering experiment the existence and small size of
(a)
the nucleus.
(b)
distinguish between nucleon number (mass number) and proton number (atomic number).
(c)
show an understanding that an element can exist in various isotopic forms each with a
different number of neutrons.
(d)
use the usual notation for the representation of nuclides and represent simple nuclear
reactions by nuclear equations of the form 14 N + 4 He →17 O + 1 H.
7
2
8
1
(e)
show an understanding of the concept of mass defect.
(f)
recall and apply the equivalence relationship between energy and mass as represented
by E = mc2 in problem solving.
(g)
show an understanding of the concept of binding energy and its relation to mass defect.
(h)
sketch the variation of binding energy per nucleon with nucleon number.
(i)
explain the relevance of binding energy per nucleon to nuclear fusion and to nuclear fission.
(j)
state and apply to problem solving the concept that nucleon number, proton number, energy
and mass are all conserved in nuclear processes.
(k)
show an understanding of the spontaneous and random nature of nuclear decay.
(l)
infer the random nature of radioactive decay from the fluctuations in count rate.
(m)
show an understanding of the origin and significance of background radiation.
show an understanding of the nature of α, β and γ radiations.
(n)
define the terms activity and decay constant and recall and solve problems using A = λN.
(o)
(p)
infer and sketch the exponential nature of radioactive decay and solve problems using the
relationship x = xoexp(-λt) where x could represent activity, number of undecayed particles
and received count rate.
(q)
define half-life.
0.693
solve problems using the relation λ =
(r)
.
t1
2
(s)
discuss qualitatively the effects, both direct and indirect, of ionising radiation on living tissues
and cells.
22
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
MATHEMATICAL REQUIREMENTS
Arithmetic
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
recognise and use expressions in decimal and standard form (scientific) notation.
(b)
use appropriate calculating aids (electronic calculator or tables) for addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. Find arithmetic means, powers (including reciprocals and square
roots), sines, cosines, tangents (and the inverse functions), exponentials and
logarithms
(lg and ln).
(c)
take account of accuracy in numerical work and handle calculations so that significant figures
are neither lost unnecessarily nor carried beyond what is justified.
make approximate evaluations of numerical expressions (e.g. π2 = 10) and use such
(d)
approximations to check the magnitude of machine calculations.
Algebra
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
change the subject of an equation. Most relevant equations involve only the simpler
operations but may include positive and negative indices and square roots.
(b)
solve simple algebraic equations. Most relevant equations are linear but some may involve
inverse and inverse square relationships. Linear simultaneous equations and the use of the
formula to obtain the solutions of quadratic equations are included.
(c)
substitute physical quantities into physical equations using consistent units and check the
dimensional consistency of such equations.
(d)
formulate simple algebraic equations as mathematical models of physical situations, and
identify inadequacies of such models.
recognise and use the logarithmic forms of expressions like ab, a/b, xn, ekx; understand the
(e)
use of logarithms in relation to quantities with values that range over several orders of
magnitude.
(f)
manipulate and solve equations involving logarithmic and exponential functions.
(g)
express small changes or errors as percentages and vice versa.
_
comprehend and use the symbols <, >, «, », ≈, /, ∝, <x> ( = x ), Σ, ∆x, δx, √.
(h)
Geometry and trigonometry
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
calculate areas of right-angled and isosceles triangles, circumference and area of circles,
areas and volumes of rectangular blocks, cylinders and spheres.
(b)
use Pythagoras' theorem, similarity of triangles, the angle sum of a triangle.
use sines, cosines and tangents (especially for 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°). Use the trigonometric
(c)
relationships for triangles:
23
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
a
b
c
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
=
=
;
sin A sin B sin C
use sin θ ≈ tan θ ≈ θ and cos θ ≈ 1 for small θ ; sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1.
(d)
(e)
understand the relationship between degrees and radians (defined as arc/radius), translate
from one to the other and use the appropriate system in context.
Vectors
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
find the resultant of two coplanar vectors, recognising situations where vector addition is
appropriate.
(b)
obtain expressions for components of a vector in perpendicular directions, recognising
situations where vector resolution is appropriate.
Graphs
Candidates should be able to:
(a)
translate information between graphical, numerical, algebraic and verbal forms.
(b)
select appropriate variables and scales for graph plotting.
(c)
for linear graphs, determine the slope, intercept and intersection.
(d)
choose, by inspection, a straight line which will serve as the best straight line through a set of
data points presented graphically.
(e)
recall standard linear form y = mx + c and rearrange relationships into linear form where
appropriate.
sketch and recognise the forms of plots of common simple expressions like 1/x, x2, 1/x2, sin x,
(f)
cos x, e-x.
(g)
use logarithmic plots to test exponential and power law variations.
(h)
understand, draw and use the slope of a tangent to a curve as a means to obtain the
gradient, and use notation in the form dy/dx for a rate of change.
(i)
understand and use the area below a curve where the area has physical significance.
24
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN PHYSICS PAPERS
It is hoped that the glossary will prove helpful to candidates as a guide, although it is not exhaustive.
The glossary has been deliberately kept brief not only with respect to the number of terms included
but also to the descriptions of their meanings. Candidates should appreciate that the meaning of a
term must depend in part on its context. They should also note that the number of marks allocated for
any part of a question is a guide to the depth of treatment required for the answer.
1.
Define (the term(s) ...) is intended literally. Only a formal statement or equivalent paraphrase,
such as the defining equation with symbols identified, being required.
2.
What is meant by ... normally implies that a definition should be given, together with some
relevant comment on the significance or context of the term(s) concerned, especially where
two or more terms are included in the question. The amount of supplementary comment
intended should be interpreted in the light of the indicated mark value.
3.
Explain may imply reasoning or some reference to theory, depending on the context.
4.
State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument, e.g. a numerical answer
that can be obtained 'by inspection'.
5.
List requires a number of points with no elaboration. Where a given number of points is
specified, this should not be exceeded.
6.
Describe requires candidates to state in words (using diagrams where appropriate) the main
points of the topic. It is often used with reference either to particular phenomena or to
particular experiments. In the former instance, the term usually implies that the answer should
include reference to (visual) observations associated with the phenomena. The amount of
description intended should be interpreted in the light of the indicated mark value.
7.
Discuss requires candidates to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic.
8.
Deduce/Predict implies that candidates are not expected to produce the required answer by
recall but by making a logical connection between other pieces of information. Such
information may be wholly given in the question or may depend on answers extracted in an
earlier part of the question.
9.
Suggest is used in two main contexts. It may either imply that there is no unique answer or
that candidates are expected to apply their general knowledge to a 'novel' situation, one that
formally may not be 'in the syllabus'.
10.
Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working should be shown.
11.
Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable
measuring instrument, e.g. length, using a rule, or angle, using a protractor.
12.
Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly but is
obtained by calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a
standard formula, e.g. the Young modulus, relative molecular mass.
13.
Show is used when an algebraic deduction has to be made to prove a given equation. It is
important that the terms being used by candidates are stated explicitly.
14.
Estimate implies a reasoned order of magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity
concerned. Candidates should make such simplifying assumptions as may be necessary
about points of principle and about the values of quantities not otherwise included in the
question.
25
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
15.
Sketch, when applied to graph work, implies that the shape and/or position of the curve need
only be qualitatively correct. However, candidates should be aware that, depending on the
context, some quantitative aspects may be looked for, e.g. passing through the origin, having
an intercept, asymptote or discontinuity at a particular value. On a sketch graph it is essential
that candidates clearly indicate what is being plotted on each axis.
16.
Sketch, when applied to diagrams, implies that a simple, freehand drawing is acceptable:
nevertheless, care should be taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important
details.
17.
Compare requires candidates to provide both similarities and differences between things or
concepts.
TEXTBOOKS
Teachers may find reference to the following books helpful.
Practice in Physics (3rd Edition), by Akrill et al, published by Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-75813-
9
New Understanding Physics for Advanced Level (4th Edition), by J. Breithaupt, published by Nelson
Thornes, ISBN 0-748-74314-6
Advanced Physics (4th Edition), by T. Duncan, published by John Murray, ISBN 0-719-57669-5
(2nd
Advanced Physics
Edition),
by
K.
Gibbs,
published
by
Cambridge
University
Press,
ISBN 0-521-56701-7
Bath Advanced Science: Physics (2nd Edition), by R. Hutchings, published by Nelson Thornes,
ISBN 0-174-38731-8
Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics (5th Edition), by R. Serway, published by
Saunders, ISBN 0-030-20974-9
Fundamental of Physics (Extended – 6th Edition), by R. Resnick, D. Halliday & J. Walker, published by
Wiley, ISBN 0-471-22863-X
Physics: Principles with Applications (5th Edition), by D.C. Giancoli, published by Prentice Hall,
ISBN 0-13611-971-9
Teachers are encouraged to choose texts for class use that they feel will be of interest to their
students and will support their own teaching style.
26
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
SUMMARY OF KEY QUANTITIES, SYMBOLS AND UNITS
The following list illustrates the symbols and units that will be used in question papers.
Quantity
Usual symbols
Usual unit
Base Quantities
mass
m
kg
length
l
m
time
t
s
electric current
I
A
thermodynamic temperature
T
K
amount of substance
n
mol
Other Quantities
distance
d
m
displacement
s, x
m
m2
area
A
m3
volume
V, v
kg m-3
density
ρ
m s-1
speed
u, v, w, c
m s-1
velocity
u, v, w, c
m s-2
acceleration
a
m s-2
acceleration of free fall
g
force
F
N
weight
W
N
momentum
p
Ns
work
w, W
J
energy
E,U,W
J
potential energy
Ep
J
kinetic energy
Ek
J
heating
Q
J
∆U
change of internal energy
J
power
P
W
pressure
p
Pa
torque
T
Nm
N kg-2 m2
gravitational constant
G
N kg-1
gravitational field strength
g
J kg-1
φ
gravitational potential
θ
angle
°, rad
angular displacement
θ
°, rad
rad s-1
ω
angular speed
rad s-1
ω
angular velocity
period
T
s
frequency
f
Hz
rad s-1
ω
angular frequency
wavelength
λ
m
m s-1
speed of electromagnetic waves
c
electric charge
Q
C
elementary charge
e
C
electric potential
V
V
electric potential difference
V
V
electromotive force
E
V
resistance
R
Ω
ρ
resistivity
Ωm
N C-1, V m-1
electric field strength
E
F m-1
εo
permittivity of free space
Φ
magnetic flux
Wb
magnetic flux density
B
T
27
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
Quantity
Usual symbols
Usual unit
H m-1
µo
permeability of free space
N m-1
force constant
k
θ
°C
Celsius temperature
J K-1 kg-1
specific heat capacity
c
J K-1 mol-1
molar gas constant
R
J K-1
Boltzmann constant
k
mol-1
Avogadro constant
NA
number
N, n, m
m-3
number density (number per unit volume)
n
Planck constant
h
Js
Φ
work function energy
J
activity of radioactive source
A
Bq
s-1
decay constant
λ
half-life
t1/2
s
relative atomic mass
Ar
relative molecular mass
Mr
atomic mass
ma
kg, u
electron mass
me
kg, u
neutron mass
mn
kg, u
proton mass
mp
kg, u
molar mass
M
kg
proton number
Z
nucleon number
A
neutron number
N
28
9745 H2 PHYSICS (2007)
DATA AND FORMULAE
Data
3.00 x 108 m s-1
speed of light in free space
c
=
µo
4π x10-7 H m-1
permeability of free space
=
8.85 x 10-12 F m-1
εo
permittivity of free space
=
(1/(36π)) x 10-9 F m-1
1.60 x 10-19 C
elementary charge
e
=
6.63 x 10-34 Js
the Planck constant
h
=
1.66 x 10-27 kg
unified atomic mass constant
u
=
9.11 x 10-31 kg
rest mass of electron
me
=
1.67 x 10-27 kg
rest mass of proton
mp
=
8.31 J K-1 mo-1
molar gas constant
R
=
6.02 x 1023 mol-1
the Avogadro constant
NA
=
1.38 x 10-23 J K-1
the Boltzmann constant
k
=
6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2
gravitational constant
G
=
9.81 m s-2
acceleration of free fall
g
=
Formulae
uniformly accelerated motion
s
=
1
at2
ut +
2
v2
u2 + 2as
=
p∆V
work done on/by a gas
W
=
ρgh
hydrostatic pressure
p
=
gravitational potential
φ
=
-Gm/r
displacement of particle in s.h.m.
x
=
xosinωt
velocity of particle in s.h.m.
v
=
vocosωt
(x
)
=
±ω
2
− x2
o
resistors in series
R
=
R1 + R2 + ....
resistors in parallel
1/R
=
1/R1 + 1/R2 + ....
Q/4πεor
electric potential
V
=
alternating current/voltage
x
=
xo sinωt
transmission coefficient
T
=
exp(-2kd)
8π 2m(U − E )
where k
=
h2
radioactive decay
x
=
xo exp(-λt)
λ
decay constant
=
0.693
t1
2
29